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分词也是动词的另一种非谓语形式,有-ing形式与-ed形式两种。由于前面已经讲过动名词,这种形式跟-ing是一样的,所以这讲,着重讲解-ed分词。
-ed分词即我们平常所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式:规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词+-ED构成;不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上,它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,可以作表语,定语,状语,也可以用在复合结构中,不管它作什么成分,其最基本的含义是“被动”的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ing分词有一定的区别。
一、-ed分词作表语
过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受、状态(系词+分词)。如:
We were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday。
我们对她昨天给我们的小说非常感兴趣。
She was quite frightened by the sudden noise outside the door。
她被门外突然的吵闹声吓住了。
可以用作表语的常见过去分词有:
amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, confused, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, excited, experienced, faded, frightened, hurt, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unknown, upset, worried等。
二、作定语的-ed分词
-ed分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语,作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句。
1.-ed分词可以作前置定语,此时,分词与名词之间有两种语义关系:一种是分词表示主动意义;一种是分词表示被动意义。如:
He is a retired worker。
他是一个退休工人。
This is a newly-developed device。
这是一个新开发的工具。
2.-ed分词作后置定语时,其功能相当于一个定语从句。如:
She likes to drink cold boiled water。
他喜欢喝凉白开。
They were inspecting the houses damaged by the storm。
他们正在视察被暴风雨毁坏的房屋。
1) Commercial banks make most of their income from ______ interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds。
[A] earn
[B] earned
[C] to earn
[D] was earned
解析:B为正确答案。空档前是一完整的句子,在没有连词的情况下,不能填充A和D;根据题意,“利息”是“通过…(被)挣来的”,有被动之意,所以选B。
2) On his return from his _______ college, he found the house。
[A] deserting
[B] deserted
[C] desert
[D] to be deserted
解析:B为正确答案。此句的意思是“房子”被“遗弃,没人住”,是被动的意义,而A和C都不符合这一点。D是动词不定式,一般表示将来或具体动作,所以D也不对。
3) 改错:The age [A] of a geological sample can be estimated [B] from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present [C] in the object is examined [D]。
解析:D错。应去掉多余的“is”,使-ED分词“examined”作后置定语修饰“object”。C处并没有错。“present”是形容词,它与后面的成分构成形容词短语修饰限定前面的“the ratio...carbon”。